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Introduction:<\/strong><\/p>\n Small enterprises are seen as a basis for economic development in many countries of the world, due to considerations of their flexibility, ease of establishment and low costs, and small enterprises can play a major role in increasing growth rates in the Egyptian economy at the present time, thus eliminating unemployment and promoting the right to work as one The basic rights of the Egyptian citizen.<\/p>\n Within the framework of the Public Policy Analysis Unit at the Maat Foundation for Peace, Development and Human Rights with regard to the recommendations that were made to Egypt in light of the universal periodic review, the Egyptian government's position on the recommendation and in light of the institution\u2019s implementation of the project The Universal Periodic Review as a Tool to Improve Public Policies During the Transition Period,<\/strong> Which is implemented by the Foundation with funding from the European Union during 2016-2017, comes a paper Towards the development of the small enterprises sector to promote the right to work.<\/strong><\/p>\n The paper deals with several basic points: In the beginning comes the introductory framework for small projects, then after that comes the legislative and legal framework for small projects, in addition to the characteristics of small projects. The paper also deals with the reality of small enterprises in Egypt, and the position of the government discourse on small enterprises, and then comes the most prominent challenges facing the small enterprises sector in Egypt, and finally, the paper presents several recommendations for the advancement of the small enterprises sector in Egypt.<\/p>\n Small business concept<\/strong><\/p>\n There is a clear difference in the concept of "small enterprise" between one country and another, and in general there are a set of factors that make the state adopt a specific concept for small enterprises, and the most important of these factors are the economic potential and social conditions, the components and nature of production factors, the quality of the existing traditional craft industries. Qualifying the workforce, wage rates and income levels, and other economic and social factors that determine the features and nature of the industries in them. A project that is considered small in an economically developed country may be considered a large project in another developing country, and even within one country, the size of the project may differ according to the stage of growth that it is going through, and even according to the purpose of the project classification process, is it purely statistical or for reasons related to financing .<\/p>\n Many efforts have been made to define the small project, and many criteria such as (the number of employees, sales volume, and the amount of assets) have been used to define what is meant by small projects, but there are several concepts that generally stem from the desire of the decision-maker that is often affected by the environment of economic policies and policies. Aimed at achieving a developmental or social goal.<\/p>\n The United Nations Industrial Development Organization defines small enterprises as \u201cthose projects that are managed by a single owner and take full responsibility for their strategic and short dimensions, and the number of workers in them ranges between 10 - 50 workers. The World Bank describes enterprises with fewer than 10 workers as large or micro enterprises, in which between 10 and 50 workers are employed in small enterprises, and those in which there are between 50 and 100 workers in medium enterprises.<\/p>\n Small and medium enterprises constitute approximately 90% of establishments worldwide with employment rates ranging between (50 %-60 %) of the world's workforce[1]<\/a><\/p>\n In Egypt, a small enterprise is intended according to the Small Enterprise Development Law No. 141 of 2004, as \u201cevery company or individual establishment that engages in a productive, commercial or service economic activity and its paid-up capital is not less than fifty thousand pounds and does not exceed one million pounds, and the number of its employees does not exceed fifty workers. And by micro-enterprise, we mean every company or individual establishment that carries out a production, service, or commercial activity whose paid-up capital is less than fifty thousand pounds.[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n The legal and legal framework regulating small projects<\/strong><\/p>\n Small and medium enterprises operate in Egypt through a \u201cconstitutional and legal\u201d legislative framework, and the context of \u201cinternational obligations\u201d rights. The legislative and legal framework within which small enterprises operate can be classified into several levels:<\/p>\n Characteristics and advantages of small enterprises:<\/strong><\/p>\n Small enterprises are characterized by many characteristics and characteristics that make them more appropriate to the economic situation of the countries in which they arise, and the most important of these characteristics are the following: -[8]<\/a><\/p>\n The reality of small enterprises in Egypt:<\/strong><\/p>\n Small enterprises in Egypt are counting on a major role in achieving economic and social development, addressing the problem of unemployment and weak foreign investments, and there is interest in these projects at the level of political discourse, but it has not been significantly reflected in the legislative and procedural contexts.<\/p>\n Small and medium industrial enterprises represent about 90 % of the total industrial sector projects, employ about two-thirds of the workforce, and contribute 40% to the gross national product. If we add micro-projects for small and medium enterprises, we find that there are more than 2.5 million projects representing about 99% of non-agricultural private sector projects and contribute to 80% of the gross domestic product and cover about 90% of capital formation and absorb about 75% of job opportunities, and annually enter 39 A new project area of production[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Also, the small enterprises alone represent 87% of the volume of industrial projects compared to 11% of medium projects, and they represent about 13% of the value of industrial production compared to 46% of medium projects. Its contribution to total Egyptian exports reaches 4%, which confirms the untapped potential of small industries in Egypt, which play a decisive role in increasing Egyptian exports.[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Government discourse and small enterprises:<\/strong><\/p>\n In light of the large and important role of small and medium enterprises in the national economy, whether through contributing to the country's gross national product, or providing job opportunities and eliminating the unemployment problem, the government has addressed this issue in its successive speech, stressing the importance of small enterprises and its endeavor to provide all support and assistance to them. In order to overcome the obstacles and challenges that limit its economic role, as President \u201cAbdel Fattah El-Sisi\u201d, more than once affirmed his support for small and medium enterprises, and his assignment to the Central Bank to implement a comprehensive program to support small and medium enterprises, and allocate 20% percentage of all loans over the course of The next four years are in favor of these projects, and he also stressed that the government is working in all directions to support and support these projects, and this is done through several ministries such as planning, local development, trade and industry, and social solidarity.<\/p>\n The Cabinet also affirmed on several occasions that the government attaches great importance to supporting small and medium enterprises, and considers them "strategic projects", as they contribute to the employment of young people and create job opportunities for them in a way that contributes to eliminating the problem of unemployment, especially in the governorates of Upper Egypt and in the border governorates. In addition, the Minister of Trade and Industry emphasized that small and medium enterprises are a major engine for achieving development and engaging youth and women in them, as well as a means to bring about a balance in interest in marginalized areas, and that the government has participated in launching and implementing projects such as \u201cThe Hands Project and the Go Project\u201d. In order to motivate young people to participate in these projects, and by following up on the statements and assurances of the officials at the head of the executive authority, it is evident that there is great support and strong direction on the part of the government to advance the small and medium enterprises sector and overcome the challenges and obstacles facing it, within the framework of the state's development plans.<\/p>\n Challenges facing small enterprises:<\/strong><\/p>\n The small enterprises sector in Egypt faces many challenges that hinder the sector from fulfilling its role in promoting and raising the rates of economic development in the country, and among the most prominent of these challenges are the following:<\/p>\n First: legislative and procedural challenges<\/u><\/p>\n Second: Administrative Challenges:<\/u><\/p>\n Third: Financial Challenges:<\/u><\/p>\n How to promote the small enterprises sector:<\/strong><\/p>\n First: Legislative Recommendations:<\/u><\/p>\n Second: Administrative Recommendations:<\/u><\/p>\n Third: Funding Recommendations:<\/u><\/p>\n <\/p>\n\n
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[1]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a> Bank of Alexandria, Small and Medium Enterprises ... The Growth Engine of the Egyptian Economy, July 2015 <\/strong><\/h5>\n
[2]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a> Law No. 141 of 2004, Chapter One \u201cDefinitions\u201d<\/u>Article 1, 2.<\/strong><\/h5>\n
[3]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a>The Constitution of 2014, Chapter Two "The Basic Constituents of Society"<\/u>Chapter I \u201cSocial Fundamentals\u201d, Article 12, states: \u201cWork is a right, a duty, and an honor guaranteed by the state, and no citizen may be obligated to work forcibly, except by virtue of a law, and to perform public service for a specified period, for a fee, and without prejudice to the basic rights of those charged with work.\u201d .<\/strong><\/h5>\n
[4]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a>The Constitution of 2014, Chapter Two \u201cThe Basic Constituents of Society\u201d,<\/u> The first chapter, \u201cEconomic fundamentals,\u201d Article 27, states: \u201cThe economic system aims to achieve prosperity in the country through sustainable development and social justice, in a way that guarantees raising the real growth of the national economy, raising the standard of living, increasing job opportunities, reducing unemployment rates and eliminating poverty. \u201c.<\/strong><\/h5>\n
[5]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a>:<\/strong>Constitution of 2014, Chapter Two "The Basic Constituents of Society"<\/u>Chapter one \u201cEconomic fundamentals\u201d, Article 28, states \u201ceconomic productive, service, and informational activities are essential components of the national economy, and the state commits to protecting it, increasing its competitiveness, providing an attractive environment for investment, and working to increase production, encourage exports, and regulate import. The state pays special attention to medium, small and micro enterprises in all fields, and works on organizing and rehabilitating the informal sector.<\/strong><\/h5>\n
[6]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a>The Constitution of 2014, Chapter Two "The Basic Constituents of Society"<\/u>Chapter one, \u201cEconomic fundamentals,\u201d Article 36, states: \u201cThe state shall stimulate the private sector to fulfill its social responsibility in serving the national economy and society.\u201d<\/strong><\/h5>\n
[7]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a> The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 23, states: \u201cParagraph 1\u201d<\/strong>Every person has the right to work, and has the freedom to choose it on just and satisfactory conditions. He also has the right to protection from unemployment. \u201dParagraph 2\u201c Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for work. \u201dParagraph 3:\u201c Everyone who works has the right to just and satisfactory wages that guarantee him His family has an existence worthy of human dignity, and, if necessary, other means of social protection may be added to it. \u201dParagraph 4,\u201c Every person has the right to establish and join unions to protect his interest. \u201d<\/strong><\/h5>\n
<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>[8]<\/strong><\/strong>Hussein Abdul-Muttalib Al-Asraj, Small and Medium Enterprises and their Role in Employment in Arab Countries, Microfinance Gateway, available at: <\/strong>http:\/\/goo.gl\/s4Qz4U<\/a><\/strong><\/h5>\n
[9]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a>: Bank of Alexandria, previous reference \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h5>\n
[10]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a>: <\/strong>Ahmed Maher, Small industries in Egypt and their role in the repercussions of the global crisis<\/u>Available at:<\/strong><\/h5>\n
http:\/\/digital.ahram.org.eg\/articles.aspx?Serial=97585&eid=52<\/a><\/strong><\/h5>\n